《自然》（20241128出版）一周论文导读

编译|李言Nature, 28 November 2024, Volume 635 Issue 8040《天然》2024年11月28日，第635卷，8040期物理学PhysicsLearning high-accuracy error decoding for quantum processors用于量子处置器的高精度过错解码的呆板进修▲ 作者：Johannes Bausch, Andrew W. Senior et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08148-8▲ 择要：在此，咱们开辟了一个基于变压器的轮回神经收集，其能够进修解码名义码这一当先的量子纠错代码。对间隔3跟间隔5的名义码，咱们的解码器在来自谷歌的Sycamore量子处置器的实在数据上优于其余开始进的解码器。在间隔升11的情形下，解码器应用软读出跟泄露信息，在存在串扰跟泄露等实在噪声的模仿数据上坚持其上风。在近似分解数据上练习后，解码器经由过程在无限的试验样本上练习来顺应更庞杂但未知的潜伏偏差散布。咱们的研讨展现了呆板进修经由过程直接从数据中进修超出人类计划算法的才能，凸起了呆板进修作为量子盘算机解码无力竞争者的才能。▲ Abstract：Here we develop a recurrent, transformer-based neural network that learns to decode the surface code, the leading quantum error-correction code. Our decoder outperforms other state-of-the-art decoders on real-world data from Google’s Sycamore quantum processor for distance-3 and distance-5 surface codes. On distances up to 11, the decoder maintains its advantage on simulated data with realistic noise including cross-talk and leakage, utilizing soft readouts and leakage information. After training on approximate synthetic data, the decoder adapts to the more complex, but unknown, underlying error distribution by training on a limited budget of experimental samples. Our work illustrates the ability of machine learning to go beyond human-designed algorithms by learning from data directly, highlighting machine learning as a strong contender for decoding in quantum computers.资料迷信Material SciencesIsomeric diammonium passivation for perovskite–organic tandem solar cells钙钛矿—无机串联太阳能电池的异构体二铵钝化▲ 作者：Xin Jiang, Shucheng Qin et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08160-y▲ 择要：在此，咱们开辟了一种新的名义钝化剂环己烷1,4-二碘化二铵（CyDAI2），它自然含有两种同分异构构造，在己烷环的同侧或相反侧（分辨表现为顺式CyDAI2跟反式CyDAI2），这两种异构体表示出完整差别的名义彼此感化行动。顺式CyDAI2钝化处置下降了带隙为1.88 eV的WBG pero-SCs的准费米能级劈裂—开路电压掉配，将其Voc进步到1.36 V。将顺式CyDAI2处置的钙钛矿与存在1.27 eV窄带隙的无机活性层联合，构建的单片钙钛矿/无机TSC的PCE为26.4%（经认证为25.7%）。▲ Abstract：Here we exploit a new surface passivator cyclohexane 1,4-diammonium diiodide (CyDAI2), which naturally contains two isomeric structures with ammonium groups on the same or opposite sides of the hexane ring (denoted as cis-CyDAI2 and trans-CyDAI2, respectively), and the two isomers demonstrate completely different surface interaction behaviours. The cis-CyDAI2 passivation treatment reduces the quasi-Fermi-level splitting–open circuit voltage (Voc) mismatch of the WBG pero-SCs with a bandgap of 1.88 eV and enhanced its Voc to 1.36 V. Combining the cis-CyDAI2-treated perovskite and the organic active layer with a narrow bandgap of 1.27 eV, the constructed monolithic perovskite–organic TSC demonstrates a PCE of 26.4% (certified as 25.7%).Coherent growth of high-Miller-index facets enhances perovskite solar cells高米勒指数晶面的共格成长加强钙钛矿太阳能电池▲ 作者：Shunde Li, Yun Xiao et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08159-5▲择要：在此，咱们讲演了一种经由过程构成分歧的晶界来出产高品质的、微米厚的甲脒基钙钛矿薄膜的无效方式，此中高米勒指数取向的晶粒在稳固的氛围中成长在低米勒指数的取向晶粒上。制备出的微米厚钙钛矿薄膜加强了晶界跟晶粒，存在稳固的资料机能跟优良的光电机能。小面积太阳能电池的效力到达了26.1%。1cm2器件跟5cm×5cm微型模块的效力分辨为24.3%跟21.4%。在稳固的氛围中处置的安装在全部四个节令都存在很高的重现性。封装器件在情况氛围中的光跟热应力下都表示出优良的临时稳固性。▲ Abstract：Here we report an effective method for producing high-quality, micron-thick formamidinium-based perovskite films by forming coherent grain boundaries, in which high-Miller-index-oriented grains grow on the low-Miller-index-oriented grains in a stabilized atmosphere. The resulting micron-thick perovskite films, with enhanced grain boundaries and grains, showed stable material properties and outstanding optoelectronic performances. The small-area solar cells achieved efficiencies of 26.1%. The 1cm2 devices and 5cm×5cm mini-modules delivered efficiencies of 24.3% and 21.4%, respectively. The devices processed in a stabilized atmosphere presented a high reproducibility across all four seasons. The encapsulated devices exhibited superior long-term stability under both light and thermal stressors in ambient air.地球迷信Earth ScienceBiodiversity impacts of the 2019–2020 Australian megafires2019—2020年澳年夜利亚特年夜火警对生物多样性的影响▲ 作者：Don A. Driscoll, Kristina J. Macdonald et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08174-6▲择要：咱们发明，对动物跟植物的最年夜影响是在从前常常产生火警或近来产生火警的地域，以及在普遍焚烧的地域。对重大销毁地域、维护区外或极其干旱地域的影响也更年夜。影响包含火警后生物多样性的降落跟增添，寒带雨林跟哺乳植物的反映最年夜。咱们的研讨成果标明，物种彼此感化、疏散跟当场生活的水平是影响火警反映的机制。在这些生态体系中树立野火抵抗才能取决于增加火警的复发，包含在常常被烧的地域可能敏捷毁灭野火。维护湿润的生态体系、扩展维护区跟减缓部分干旱也可能有所助益。固然这些对策能够辅助加重更频仍的特年夜火警的影响，但改变工资气象变更依然是急切的年夜范围处理计划。▲ Abstract：We reveal that the largest effects on plants and animals were in areas with frequent or recent past fires and within extensively burnt areas. Areas burnt at high severity, outside protected areas or under extreme drought also had larger effects. The effects included declines and increases after fire, with the largest responses in rainforests and by mammals. Our results implicate species interactions, dispersal and extent of in situ survival as mechanisms underlying fire responses. Building wildfire resilience into these ecosystems depends on reducing fire recurrence, including with rapid wildfire suppression in areas frequently burnt. Defending wet ecosystems, expanding protected areas and considering localized drought could also contribute. While these countermeasures can help mitigate the impacts of more frequent megafires, reversing anthropogenic climate change remains the urgent broad-scale solution.考古学ArchaeologyThe rise and transformation of Bronze Age pastoralists in the Caucasus青铜时期高加索地域牧平易近的崛起跟变更▲ 作者：Ayshin Ghalichi, Sabine Reinhold et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08113-5▲择要：在此，咱们展现来自38个考古遗迹的131团体的新的全基因组数据，时光高出6000年。咱们发明，中石器时期高加索山脉北部跟南部生齿之间存在激烈的遗传分化，北部有东部佃猎收罗者血缘，南部有显明的高加索佃猎收罗者血缘，并日渐与东部安纳托利亚农夫血缘混杂。在随后的新石器时期，咱们察看到典范的西欧亚草原先人的构成，并在迈科普文明复合体的技巧开展的增进下，增强了山区跟草原地域之间的互动。比拟之下，青铜器时期晚期跟中期的游牧运动跟国土扩大顶峰存在临时的遗传稳固性。青铜时期晚期标记着基因从多个差别的起源活动的另一个时代，这与草原文明的衰败相符合，随后是草原血缘被洼地生齿转化跟接收。▲ Abstract：Here we present new genome-wide data for 131 individuals from 38 archaeological sites spanning 6,000 years. We find a strong genetic differentiation between populations north and south of the Caucasus mountains during the Mesolithic, with Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry in the north, and a distinct Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry with increasing East Anatolian farmer admixture in the south. During the subsequent Eneolithic period, we observe the formation of the characteristic West Eurasian steppe ancestry and heightened interaction between the mountain and steppe regions, facilitated by technological developments of the Maykop cultural complex. By contrast, the peak of pastoralist activities and territorial expansions during the Early and Middle Bronze Age is characterized by long-term genetic stability. The Late Bronze Age marks another period of gene flow from multiple distinct sources that coincides with a decline of steppe cultures, followed by a transformation and absorption of the steppe ancestry into highland populations.医学MedicineRifaximin prophylaxis causes resistance to the last-resort antibiotic daptomycin利福昔明防备性医治会激发对最终抗生素达托霉素的耐药性▲ 作者：Adrianna M. Turner, Lucy Li et al.▲ 链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08095-4▲ 择要：在此，咱们展现了利福昔明是一种用于防备肝病患者的肝性脑病有关的抗生素，在VREfm中惹起对达托霉素的穿插耐药性。在利福昔明裸露后，细菌RNA聚合酶内发生的氨基酸变更招致先前未表征的把持子（prdRAB）上调，从而经由过程增加抗生素的联合招致细胞膜重塑跟对达托霉素的穿插抗性。存在这些渐变的VREfm在寰球传布，使其成为耐药性的重要机制。此前，利福昔明被以为在发生抗生素耐药性方面为“低危险”。咱们的研讨标明，这种假设是出缺陷的，利福昔明的普遍应用，特殊是在肝硬化患者中，可能会影响达托霉素的临床应用，达托霉素是医治多药耐药病原体的重要最先手段。这些发明标明，抗生故旧叉耐药性会损坏旨在维护要害抗生素临床应用的寰球策略。▲ Abstract：Here we show that rifaximin, an unrelated antibiotic used prophylactically to prevent hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver disease, causes cross-resistance to daptomycin in VREfm. Amino acid changes arising within the bacterial RNA polymerase in response to rifaximin exposure cause upregulation of a previously uncharacterized operon (prdRAB) that leads to cell membrane remodelling and cross-resistance to daptomycin through reduced binding of the antibiotic. VREfm with these mutations are spread globally, making this a major mechanism of resistance. Rifaximin has been considered ‘low risk’ for the development of antibiotic resistance. Our study shows that this assumption is flawed and that widespread rifaximin use, particularly in patients with liver cirrhosis, may be compromising the clinical use of daptomycin, a major last-resort intervention for multidrug-resistant pathogens. These findings demonstrate how unanticipated antibiotic cross-resistance can undermine global strategies designed to preserve the clinical use of critical antibiotics. 　　申明：新浪网独家稿件，未经受权制止转载。 -->